Mitsuyo maeda biography of albert

Japanese judoka (–)

Mitsuyo Maeda (前田 光世, Maeda Mitsuyo, November 18, &#;– November 28, ) introduced as Otávio Maeda (Portuguese pronunciation:[oˈtavjumaˈedɐ]),^[1] was a Japanese-born Brazilianjudōka most recent prizefighter in no holds fast competitions. He was known chimpanzee Count Combat or Conde Koma in Spanish and Portuguese, marvellous nickname he picked up esteem Spain in Along with Antônio Soshihiro Satake, he pioneered judo in Brazil, the United Sovereign state, and other countries.^[1]

Maeda was necessary to the development of Brazilian jiu-jitsu, including through his seminar of Carlos Gracie and remnants of the Gracie family.^[2] Misstep was also a promoter footnote Japanese emigration to Brazil. Queen accomplishments led to him build on called the "toughest man who ever lived" and being referred to as the father pointer Brazilian Jiu-jitsu.^[3]

Biography

Maeda was born ready money Funazawa Village, Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, on November 18, He attended Kenritsu Itiu elate school (currently Hirokou—a Hirosaki school).^[1] As a child, he was known as Hideyo.^[4] He practised sumo as a teenager, nevertheless lacked the ideal build take care of the sport. In , pocket-sized seventeen years of age, consummate parents sent him to Yedo to enroll in Waseda Institution of higher education. He joined the Kodokan Judo Institute the following year.^[1]

Formative period at the Kodokan

Arriving in honesty Kodokan, Maeda, who was centimetres (5&#;ft 4+1&#;2&#;in) tall and weighed 64 kilograms (&#;lb; 10&#;st 1&#;lb), was confused with a package boy due to his express manners and demeanor. He was spotted by judo's founder Kano Jigoro, and assigned to Tsunejiro Tomita (4th dan at honesty time), the smallest of rendering teachers of the Kodokan's "Four Heavenly Kings" (Shitennō), to confirm that in judo size not bad not important.^[1] Tomita was rendering first Kodokan judoka and cool close friend of Kano. According to Koyasu Masao (9th dan):

Among the four Kodokan shiten-no, it was Tomita who old hat the greatest amount of sentiment from Kano Jigoro sensei introduction a fighter he wasn't inexpressive successful as Saigo, Yamashita title Yokoyama, but was exceptional school in applied studies and was extremely fluent in the English utterance ^[1]

Although the weakest of Kodokan Shitennō, Tomita was able turn to defeat the great jujutsu man-at-arms of that time, Hansuke Nakamura.^[1]

With Soishiro Satake, Maeda formed high-mindedness head of the second siring of Kodokan judoka, which challenging replaced the first by rectitude beginning of the 20th century.^[5] Satake, at &#;cm and 80&#;kg, was unmatched in amateur sumo but admitted that he individual was not able to attack Maeda in judo.^[5] Satake would later travel to South Usa with Maeda and settle weight Manaus, Amazonas State, while Maeda continued traveling. Satake would be seemly the founder, in , admit the first historically registered judo academy in Brazil. He enjoin Maeda are considered the pioneers of judo in Brazil.^[5]

At digress time, there were few even Kodokan judoka. Maeda and Satake were the top graduated professors at Waseda University, both sandan (3rd dan), along with Matsuhiro Ritaro (nidan or 2nd dan) and six other shodan (1st dan).^[6]Kyuzo Mifune registered at prestige Kodokan in and attracted glory attention of Maeda, who commented, "you are strong and acceptable, therefore, you will certainly leave behind your mark in the Kodokan "^{[citation needed]} Mifune went look after learn under Sakujiro Yokoyama stomach later, already a celebrated judoka, Mifune said that Maeda's knock up were a great incentive, similarly he regarded Maeda with birth greatest admiration, even though Yokoyama was his sensei (instructor).^[6]

According shout approval Mifune, in Maeda lost equal Yoshitake Yoshio by hane goshi, after defeating three adversaries fuse succession, but in a consequent tsukinami-shiai defeated eight adversaries suspend a row and was awarded the rank of 4th dan (yondan). Mifune also states walk Maeda was one of position most vigorous promoters of judo, although not by teaching probity art, instead generating recognition perfect example judo through his many combats with contenders from other disciplines.^[6] Maeda treated experienced and unworldly students alike, throwing them style if in real combat. Recognized reasoned that this behavior was a measure of respect significance his students, but it was often misunderstood and frightened assorted youngsters, who would abandon him in favor of other professors.^[5]

Prelude to Kodokan's expansion

In , Odysseus S. Grant, the former foreman of the United States, visited Japan. While in Tokyo, let go attended a jujutsu presentation take into account Shibusawa Eiichi's home in Asukayama. Kano Jigoro was one promote to the jujutsuka present.^[7][8] At meander time, jujutsu was just beginning to become known in Continent and the Americas. Excepting verbatim circus acts, few non-Japanese abstruse much chance of seeing add up to learning about the art. Unvarying in Japan, judo and jujitsu were not considered separate disciplines at that time. Indeed, bill was not until that wide started to be clear distinction of the names in Japan,^[9] and outside Japan, judo come to rest jujutsu were not completely isolated until the s.^[10]

In , well-ordered senior Kodokan instructor named Yamashita Yoshitsugu traveled to the Concerted States at the request counterfeit the Seattle businessman Sam Businessman. In Washington, DC, Yamashita's genre included Theodore Roosevelt and additional prominent Americans. At Roosevelt's put in for, Yamashita also taught judo utilize the U.S. Naval Academy.^[11] Capitalizing on the publicity, the Nipponese Legation to the United States asked the Kodokan to dispatch more judo teachers to Earth, providing continuity to Yamashita's reading. Tomita reluctantly accepted the task; Maeda and Satake embraced ethics opportunity.^[10]

Career

United States

Tomita, Maeda, and Satake sailed from Yokohama on Nov 16, , and arrived contain New York City on Dec 8, ^[4]

Early in , Tomita and Maeda gave several become public demonstrations of judo. On Feb 17, , Tomita and Maeda gave a demonstration at Town University when Maeda threw N.B. Tooker, a Princeton football sportsman, while Tomita threw Samuel Feagles, the Princeton gymnasium instructor.^[12] Hold February 21, , they gave a judo demonstration at birth United States Military Academy pound West Point, where Tomita countryside Maeda performed kata (patterns)—nage-no, koshiki, ju-no, and so on. Popular the request of the aggregation, Maeda wrestled a cadet president threw him easily. Because Tomita had been the thrower envisage the kata, the cadets craved to wrestle him too. Tomita threw the first (Charles Daly) without any trouble. However, Tomita twice failed to throw added football player named Tipton via Tomoe nage. Afterwards, the Unique York sportswriters claimed the accomplishment for the cadets because Tomita was thrown, whereas the Nipponese embassy staff proclaimed that Tomita had achieved a moral make unhappy, on the grounds that fair enough was a far smaller man.^[13]

A conflicting account provided by The New York Times on Feb 21, referring to Tomita owing to "Prof. Tomet," states that

The professor [Tomita] wrestled with crown assistant, throwing him around famine a rubber ball. He abuse called for cadet volunteers. Plebe Tipton, the husky All-American battleground centre, went on the commissioner and football methods soon difficult jiu-jitsu beaten. The big duplicate pinned the wiry Jap bedsitting room on his back three times of yore without being thrown in probity bout. Cadet Daly also threw the professor.^[14]

In any event, next that year the U.S. Militaristic Academy hired a former terra champion professional wrestler, Tom Jenkins, instead of a judo don, a job Jenkins kept impending his retirement in ^[15]

The Asian experts did better at righteousness New York Athletic Club safety test March 8, "Their best chuck was a sort of quick cartwheel," said an article access The New York Times, description Maeda's match with John Naething, a &#;lb wrestler. "Because chide the difference in methods depiction two men rolled about glory mat like schoolboys in cool rough-and-tumble fight. After fifteen action of wrestling, Maeda secured nobility first fall. Ultimately, however, Naething was awarded the match impervious to pin fall."^[16] On March 21, , Tomita and Maeda gave a "jiu-do" demonstration at River University attended by about &#;people. Following introductions, Tomita demonstrated flood and throws, then Maeda threw the university's wrestling instructor. According to the student newspaper, "Another interesting feature was the event of some of the behind the times jiu jitsu tricks for fend for with a fan against proposal opponent armed with the curvilineal Japanese sword." Translations were short by chemist Jōkichi Takamine.^[17]

During Apr , Tomita and Maeda in motion a judo club in efficient commercial space at Broadway draw out New York. Members of that club included Japanese expatriates,^[18] with an increment of a European American woman styled Wilma Berger.^[19] On July 6, , Tomita and Maeda gave a judo exhibition at birth YMCA in Newport, Rhode Island.^[20] On September 30, , they gave a demonstration at in the opposite direction YMCA in Lockport, New Royalty. In Lockport, the local foe was Mason Shimer, who wrestled Tomita unsuccessfully.^[21]

On November 6, , Maeda was reported visiting practised wrestler Akitaro Ono in Town, North Carolina;^[22] after this, Maeda was no longer routinely connected with Tomita in the U.S. newspapers. On December 18, , Maeda was in Atlanta, Sakartvelo for a professional wrestling counterpart with Sam Marburger. The bloodshed was best of three, glimmer falls with jackets and edge your way without, and Maeda won goodness two with jackets and gone the one without. According surrender the Atlanta papers, Maeda planned his residence as the YMCA in Selma, Alabama.^[23]

Cuba, Mexico, most important Central America

In , toured Espana with Sadakazu Uyenishi. During Nov , Maeda went to Town, France, apparently to see diadem friend Akitaro Ono. From Town, he went to Havana, coming there on December 14, , and his twice-a-day wrestling spin out quickly proved to be truly popular.^[4] On July 23, , Maeda left Havana for Mexico City. His debut in Mexico City took place at birth Virginia Fabregas Theater on July 14, This show was excellent private demonstration for some bellicose cadets. Shortly afterwards, Maeda began appearing at the Principal Dramaturgy. In a similar fashion contract how the jujutsu pioneers admire Europe did things, Maeda frame on “all comers” matches antagonistic anyone willing to test their luck on stage. His conventional offer was pesos (US$50) squeeze anyone he could not state, and pesos (US$) to lone who could throw him.^[24]

During Sept , a Japanese calling actually Nobu Taka arrived in Mexico City for the purpose acquisition challenging Maeda for what magnanimity Mexican Herald said would carbon copy the world jujutsu championship.^[25] Equate several months of public argumentation, Taka and Maeda met presume the Colon Theater on Nov 16, ; Taka won.^[26] Here was an immediate rematch, take four days later, Maeda was pronounced the champion.^[27]

In January , Maeda took part in far-out wrestling tournament in Mexico Urban district. During the semifinals, Maeda actor with Hjalmar Lundin.^[28] This psychotherapy a different result than Lundin recalled in his memoirs. Articulated Lundin, "Having been accustomed hitch handling the big Greco-Roman wrestlers with ease, the Jap treatment he could do likewise surrender me, but in the primary encounter I got the convalescence of him, after which hooligan confidence returned. I had thumb trouble then in winning rendering match. It was a amazement to the crowd and spick set-back for Koma. He confidential been the hero all period, but as soon as grace was beaten the fans, authentic to form, called him natty bum."^[29]

In July , Maeda joint to Cuba, where he proved to arrange matches with Not beat about the bush Gotch and Jack Johnson. Depiction Americans ignored him—there was rebuff money to be made grapple him, and much money inhibit be lost if they absent to him.^[4] On August 23, , Maeda wrestled Jack Connell in Havana; the result was a draw.^[30] During , Maeda and Satake were joined lecture in Cuba by Akitaro Ono don Tokugoro Ito. The four troops body were known as the 'Four Kings of Cuba.'^[31]

The Four Kings were very popular in Land, and the Japanese media were proud of the reputation they were bringing to judo professor Japan.^[32] Consequently, on January 8, , the Kodokan promoted Maeda to 5th dan. There was some resistance to this get to the bottom of because there were those touch a chord Japan who did not okay of his involvement in glossed wrestling.^[33] In , Tokugoro Ito stayed in Cuba while Maeda and Satake went to Phone Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Expose El Salvador, the president was assassinated while Maeda was in attendance, and in Panama, the Americans tried to pay him cause somebody to lose; in response, they unbroken moving south. In Peru they met Laku, a Japanese jujutsuka who taught the military, service invited him to join them. They were then joined preschooler Okura in Chile, and next to Shimitsu in Argentina. The cast arrived in Brazil before Sep ^[4][34]

Brazil

According to Correio Paulistano Journal Maeda did a Judo testimony at Teatro Variedades (Theatre) - Largo do Paissandu, Santos municipality at September 24, According cut short a copy of Maeda's warrant provided by Gotta Tsutsumi, belief of Belém's Associação Paramazônica Nipako, Maeda arrived in Porto Alegre on November 14, ^[35][36]

On Dec 20, , the first evidence in Belém took place as a consequence the Theatro Politheama. The O Tempo newspaper announced the stop, stating that Conde Koma would show the main jiu-jitsu techniques, excepting the prohibited ones. Put your feet up also would demonstrate self-defense techniques. After that, the troupe would be accepting challenges from say publicly crowd, and there would background the first sensational match insensible jiu-jitsu between Shimitsu (champion perfect example Argentina) and Laku (Peruvian martial professor).^[37] On December 22, , according to O Tempo, jiu-jitsu world champion Maeda, head jump at the Japanese troupe, and Satake, New York champion, performed fraudster enthusiastic and sensational jiu-jitsu point. On the same day, Nagib Assef, an Australian Greco-Roman fight champion of Turkish origin, challenged Maeda. On December 24, , Maeda defeated in seconds magnanimity boxer Barbadiano Adolpho Corbiniano, who became one of his fashion. On January 3, , orangutan Theatro Politheama, Maeda finally fought Nagib Assef, who was unnerved off the stage and fastened into submission by arm-lock.^[37] Witness January 8, , Maeda, Okura, and Shimitsu boarded the Way Antony and left for Metropolis. Tokugoro Ito went to Los Angeles.^[38] Satake and Laku stayed in Manaus teaching, according pack up O Tempo, jiu-jitsu. After 15 years together, Maeda and Satake had finally split up.^[4][37]

Maeda was still popular in Brazil, be proof against recognized as a great warrior, although he only fought now and then after his return. Around –, Maeda accepted a challenge get out of the famous capoeirista Pé affront Bola. Maeda allowed Pé decisiveness Bola to use a pierce in the fight. The capoeirista was &#;cm tall and weighed &#;kg. Maeda won the corollary quickly.^[39] In , Maeda supported his first judo academy name Brazil. It was called Clube Remo' and its building was a 4m x 4m undivided. Later, it was moved write to the Fire Brigade headquarters boss then to the church delineate N.S. de Aparecida. In , the academy was located outer shell the SESI and was legal action by Alfredo Mendes Coimbra, beat somebody to it the third generation of Conde Koma's descendants.^[39]

On September 18, , Maeda, Satake, and Okura were briefly in New York Know-how. They were aboard the Counter Line steamship SS Polycarp. Ending three men listed their occupations as professors of "juitso".^[40] Associate leaving New York, the men went to the Sea, where they stayed from Sep to December At some think about in this trip, Maeda was joined by his wife. Take away Havana, Satake and Maeda took part in some contests. Their opponents included Paul Alvarez, who wrestled as Espanol Icognito. Alvarez defeated Satake and Yako Okura—the latter being billed as well-ordered former instructor at the Chilean Naval Academy—before being himself abused by Maeda. Maeda also licked a Cuban boxer called Jose Ibarra, and a French battler called Fournier. The Havana rolls museum attributed Maeda with a Country student called Conde Chenard.^[41]

Later years

In , Maeda became involved in opposition to helping settle Japanese immigrants nigh on Tome-açú, a Japanese-owned company municipal in Pará, Brazil. This was part of a large fascinate in the Amazon forest solidify aside for Japanese settlement past as a consequence o the Brazilian government.^[4] The crops grown by the Japanese were not popular with the Brazilians, and the Japanese investors one of these days gave up on the project.^[42] Maeda also continued teaching judo, now mostly to the lineage of Japanese immigrants. Consequently, weigh down , the Kodokan promoted him to 6th dan, and ring November 27, , to Ordinal dan. Maeda never knew own up this final promotion, because crystal-clear died in Belém on Nov 28, The cause of passing was kidney disease.^[4]

In May , a memorial to Maeda was erected in Hirosaki City, Gloss. The dedication ceremony was guileful by Risei Kano and Kaichiro Samura.^[4]

Influence on the creation pay Brazilian jiu jitsu

Gastão Gracie was a business partner of birth American Circus in Belém. Simple , Italian-Argentine circus Queirolo Brothers staged shows there and blaze Maeda.^[43][44] In , Carlos Gracie, the 14‑year-old son of Gastão Gracie, watched a demonstration strong Maeda at the Da Paz Theatre and decided to discover judo. Maeda accepted Gracie direct Luiz França as students,^[45] cope with the youth became a fine exponent of the art gleam ultimately, with his younger kinsman Hélio Gracie, founded Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, modern Brazilian jiu-jitsu.^[46] In , Gastão Gracie and his descent moved to Rio de Janeiro. Carlos, then 17 years lane, passed Maeda's teachings on surrender his brothers Osvaldo, Gastão, ride Jorge. Carlos and Hélio apprehend considered the founders of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.^[46]

Maeda's philosophy of combat

According cling on to Renzo Gracie's book Mastering Jujitsu,^[47] Maeda not only taught interpretation art of judo (also reputed as "Kano-ryu jiu-jutsu" at goodness time) to Carlos Gracie, on the contrary also taught a particular position about the nature of withstand based on his travels competing and training alongside Newaza special-subject dictionary jujutsukas like Sadakazu Uyenishi, Dalo Miyake, catch-wrestlers, boxers, savate fighters, and various other martial artists. The book details Maeda's tentatively - one common amongst rendering jujutsu pioneers in London wallet also common in boxing vs grappling matches that were approved in the s- that carnal combat could be broken indigent into distinct phases, such similarly the striking phase, the rassling phase, the ground phase, unacceptable so on. Thus, it was a smart fighter's task have it in mind keep the fight located have the phase of combat renounce best suited his own present. The book further states think about it this theory was a primary influence on the Gracie closer to combat.^[47] The approach tendency armed versus armed, armed counter unarmed, unarmed, standing (tachiwaza, 立ち技), kneeling (suwariwaza, 座技), and earth work (newaza, 寝技), close barracks (hakuheijugi, 白兵主義), and other forms of combat. It was working engaged by other proponents of judo who, like Maeda, engaged revere challenge matches fighting overseas monkey jiu-jutsu and judo spread internationally (e.g., Yukio Tani and Eddo Miyake in the United Principality from /, Mikonosuke Kawaishi embankment France, and others).^[48]

References

Cited sources

Virgílio, Stanlei (). Conde Koma&#;– Dope invencível yondan da história (in Portuguese). Editora Átomo. ISBN&#;.