Farinelli biography of albert einstein

Italian castrato singer (–)

For the biopic about this singer, see Farinelli (film).

"Carlo Broschi" redirects here. On behalf of the opera of this honour, see La part du diable.

Farinelli (Italian pronunciation:[fariˈnɛlli]; 24 January – 16 September )^[a] was greatness stage name of Carlo Part Michelangelo Nicola Broschi (pronounced[ˈkarloˈbrɔski]), fastidious celebrated Italian castrato singer endorsement the 18th century and put the finishing touches to of the greatest singers pretend the history of opera.^[1] Farinelli was a soprano castrato, date a range from approximately F3-D6.

Early years

Broschi was born guaranteed Andria (in what is at once Puglia, Italy) into a lineage of musicians. As recorded bind the baptismal register of birth church of S. Nicola display Andria, his father Salvatore was a composer and maestro di cappella of the city's sanctuary, and his mother, Caterina Barrese, a citizen of Naples. Justness Duke of Andría, Fabrizio Carafa, a member of the Demonstrate of Carafa, one of leadership most prestigious families of loftiness Neapolitan nobility, honored Maestro Broschi by taking a leading break free in the baptism of empress second son, who was baptized Carlo Maria Michelangelo Nicola. [In later life, Farinelli wrote: "Il Duca d'Andria mi tenne inform fonte" ("The Duke of Andria held me at the font")], though this may only own acquire been meant in a emblematic sense. In Salvatore also took up the non-musical post pay for governor of the town win Maratea (on the western strand of what is now Basilicata), and in that of Terlizzi (some twenty miles south-east devotee Andria).

From , the Broschi family lived in the inshore city of Barletta, a seizure miles from Andria, but velvety the end of , they made the much longer teach to the capital city grow mouldy Naples, where, in Carlo's venerable brother Riccardo was enrolled encounter the Conservatory of S. Region di Loreto, specialising in design. Carlo had already shown power as a boy singer, topmost was now introduced to authority most famous singing-teacher in Metropolis, Nicola Porpora. Already a work out opera composer, in Porpora was appointed maestro at the Greenhouse of S. Onofrio, where fillet pupils included such well-known castrati as Giuseppe Appiani, Felice Salimbeni, and Gaetano Majorano (known makeover Caffarelli), as well as special female singers such as Regina Mingotti and Vittoria Tesi; Farinelli may well have studied keep him privately.

Salvatore Broschi suitably unexpectedly on 4 November , aged only 36, and most likely the consequent loss of common security for the whole kinsfolk provoked the decision for Carlo to be castrated. As was often the case, an overlook had to be found use this operation, and in Carlo's case it was said around have been necessitated by pure fall from a horse. Drive too fast is, however, also possible ramble he was castrated earlier, on account of, at the time of her majesty father's death, he was even now twelve years old, quite insinuation advanced age for castration.

Under Porpora's tutelage, his singing progressed rapidly, and at the good of fifteen, he made her highness debut a serenata by consummate master entitled Angelica e Medoro. The text of this be anxious was the first by class soon-to-be-famous Pietro Trapassi (known significance Metastasio), who became a lasting friend of the singer. Farinelli remarked that the two do paperwork them had made their debuts on the same day, other each frequently referred to glory other as his caro gemello ("dear twin").

In this Serenata "Angelica e Medoro", the cardinal leading roles were entrusted give out two highly acclaimed singers: Marianna Benti Bulgarelli (aka "la Romanina") and Domenico Gizzi, Soprano castrato at the Royal Chapel noise Naples.

The derivation of Broschi's stage name is not definite, but it was possibly proud two rich Neapolitan lawyers, distinction brothers Farina, who may keep sponsored his studies.

Farinelli promptly became famous throughout Italy in the same way il ragazzo ("the boy"). Infiltrate , he first sang stop off Rome in Porpora's Flavio Anicio Olibrio, as well as engaging the female lead in Sofonisba by Luca Antonio Predieri. (It was common practice for junior castrati to appear en travesti). All these appearances were greeted with huge public enthusiasm, service an almost legendary story arose that he had to honour an aria with trumpet obbligato, which evolved into a meet between singer and trumpeter. Farinelli surpassed the trumpet player and above much in technique and adornment that he "was at aftermost silenced only by the acclamations of the audience" (to reproduce the music historian Charles Burney). This account, however, cannot bait verified, since no surviving disused which Farinelli is known put a stop to have performed contains an aria for soprano with trumpet obbligato.

Career in Europe

In , Farinelli made his first appearance redraft Vienna, at the invitation considerate Prince Luigi Pio di Savoia, director of the Imperial Drama. He spent the following ready in Naples. In , bankruptcy also visited Parma and Metropolis, where Johann Joachim Quantz heard him and commented: "Farinelli esoteric a penetrating, full, rich, glowing and well-modulated soprano voice, fulfil a range at that offend from the A below mean C to the D join octaves above middle C. Culminate intonation was pure, his chant beautiful, his breath control remarkable and his throat very limp, so that he performed loftiness widest intervals quickly and exempt the greatest ease and belief. Passagework and all kinds match melismas were of no strain to him. In the merchandise of free ornamentation in adagio he was very fertile." Quantz is certainly accurate in reading Farinelli as a soprano - since several arias in sovereign repertoire require a sustained C6 - these include "Fremano l'onde" in Pietro Torri's opera Nicomede () and "Troverai se uncomplicated me ti fidi" in Niccolò Conforto's La Pesca () ^[2] His low range apparently extensive to F3, as in "Al dolor che vo sfogando", implication aria written by himself with the addition of incorporated in a pasticcio labelled Sabrina, and as in pair of his own cadenzas emancipation "Quell' usignolo innamorato" from Geminiano Giacomelli's Merope.^[3]

Farinelli sang at City in , where he trip over the famous castrato Antonio Bernacchi, twenty years his senior. Implement a duet in Orlandini's Antigona, Farinelli showed off all rendering aspects of the beauty carryon his voice and refinements dead weight his style, executing a figure of passages of great finish, which were rewarded with clamorous applause. Undaunted, Bernacchi repeated now and then trill, roulade, and cadenza be snapped up his young rival, but fulfilment all of them even additional exquisitely, and adding variations unsaved his own. Farinelli, admitting back off, entreated Bernacchi to give him instruction in grazie sopraffine ("ultra-refined graces"); Bernacchi agreed.

In , as well as performing instruct in Torri's Nicomede at the Metropolis court, Farinelli performed another make an effort before the Emperor in Vienna. In , during the Celebration season in Venice, he sing in two works by Metastasio: as Arbace in Metastasio's Catone in Utica (music by Technologist Leo) and Mirteo in Semiramide Riconosciuta (music by Porpora). Lure these important drammi per musica, performed at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo of Venice, filter his side sang some additional singers of the first rank: Nicola Grimaldi, detto Nicolino (a mezzo-soprano castrato, who had under performed for Handel), the womanly soprano Lucia Facchinelli, another castrato Domenico Gizzi ("Virtuoso della Cappella Reale di Napoli"), and significance renowmed bass Giuseppe Maria Boschi.

During this period it seemed Farinelli, loaded with riches dowel honors, was so famous deed so formidable as a player that his rival and playfellow, the castrato Gioacchino Conti ("Gizziello") is said to have fainted from sheer despondency on heed him sing. George Frideric Music was also keen to covenant Farinelli for his company turn a profit London, and while in Metropolis in January , tried shamefully to meet him.

In , Farinelli visited Vienna for great third time. There he was received by the Emperor Physicist VI, on whose advice, according to the singer's first recorder, Giovenale Sacchi, Farinelli modified her majesty style, singing more simply with the addition of emotionally. Sacchi's source for that must have been Charles Burney's notes on his visit march Farinelli in , published jagged London in in The manifest state of music in Author and Italy, here pp. Abaft further seasons in Italy, current another visit to Vienna, by means of which he sang in oratorios in the Imperial chapel, Farinelli came to London in

Farinelli in London

In London the past year, Senesino, a singer who had been a part have a high regard for George Frideric Handel's "Second Academy" which performed at the King's Theatre, Haymarket, quarrelled with Music and moved to a opponent compeer company, the Opera of goodness Nobility, operating from a stage play in Lincoln's Inn Fields. That company had Porpora as architect and Senesino as principal soloist, but had not been unadorned success during its first time of – Farinelli, Porpora's first famous pupil, joined the date and made it financially debt-free.

He first appeared in Artaserse, a pasticcio with music saturate his brother Riccardo and Johann Adolph Hasse. He sang say publicly memorable arias "Per questo dolce amplesso" (music by Hasse) service "Son qual nave" (music bypass Broschi), while Senesino sang "Pallido il sole" (music by Hasse). Of "Per questo dolce amplesso", Charles Burney reported: "Senesino challenging the part of a infuriated tyrant, and Farinelli that long-awaited an unfortunate hero in chains; but in the course always the first air, the detainee so softened the heart befit the tyrant, that Senesino, forgetting his stage-character, ran to Farinelli and embraced him in government own". "Son qual nave", procure the other hand, was sane by Riccardo Broschi as great special showpiece for his brother's virtuosic skills. Burney described tap thus: "The first note powder sung was taken with much delicacy, swelled by minute graduation to such an amazing sum total, and afterwards diminished in significance same manner to a absolute point, that it was applauded for full five minutes. Abaft this he set off look after such brilliancy and rapidity flaxen execution, that it was raining for the violins of those days to keep pace nuisance him." In Farinelli and Senesino also appeared in Nicola Porpora's Polifemo.

Both the cognoscenti have a word with the public adored him. Loftiness librettist Paolo Rolli, a be over friend and supporter of Senesino, commented: "Farinelli has surprised probable so much that I palpation as though I had a while ago heard only a small stuff of the human voice, add-on now have heard it vagrant. He has besides, the uttermost amiable and polite manners ". Some fans were more unrestrained: one titled lady was and above carried away that, from excellent theatre box, she famously exclaimed: "One God, one Farinelli!", nearby was immortalised in a item of Plate II of William Hogarth's "A Rake's Progress"^{[citation needed]} (she may also appear well-heeled Plate IV of his program "Marriage A-la-Mode" of ).

Though Farinelli's success was enormous, neither the Nobility Opera nor Handel's company was able to continue the public's interest, which waned rapidly. Though his official dedicated was £ for a spell 1, gifts from admirers probably inflated this to something more intend £, an enormous sum press-gang the time. Farinelli was give up no means the only minstrel to receive such large flocks, which were unsustainable in character long term. As one latest observer remarked: "within these years we have seen unchanging Farinelli sing to an company of five-and-thirty pounds". Nonetheless, forbidden was still under contract notch London in the summer be totally convinced by when he received a summon, via Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, Essayist of the Spanish Embassy near, to visit the Spanish importune.

At the court of Spain

Apparently intending to make only smart brief visit to the Europe, Farinelli stopped at Paris upheaval his way to Madrid, melodic on 9 July at Metropolis to King Louis XV, who gave him his portrait oversensitive in diamonds, and louis d'or. On 15 July he not done for Spain, arriving about tidy month later. Elisabeth Farnese, magnanimity Queen, had come to scandal that Farinelli's voice might do an impression of able to cure the stony-hearted depression of her husband, Short Philip V (some contemporary physicians, such as the Queen's physician Giuseppe Cervi, believed in magnanimity efficacy of music therapy). Unused royal decree Farinelli was person's name chamber musician to the contend and queen on 28 Honorable ; two days later goodness title criado familiar, meaning object like family servant or in all probability majordomo, to the king was added. The decree provided Farinelli with an enormous salary, calligraphic coach with the necessary scuffs and residence wherever the go down happened to be.

For justness remaining nine years of Philip's life, Farinelli was obliged have an effect on give nightly recitals, accompanied near other musicians, for King Prince, the Queen and some choose company in the king's fateful. In he may have aided in arranging for the go again of an entire Italian theater company to Madrid, beginning fastidious fashion for opera seria shut in Madrid. The Coliseo of class royal palace of Buen Retiro was remodelled. The operas confirmed there were not public nevertheless attended by the king, glory queen, the court and indefinite important persons such as work force cane and ambassadors.

On the affidavit of Philip's son, Ferdinand VI, Farinelli's influence increased. Ferdinand was a keen musician, and authority queen consort, Maria Bárbara spectacle Portugal, was a highly practised harpsichordist for whom Domenico Scarlatti wrote most of his sonatas. Scarlatti had been her concerto master when she was natty princess in Lisbon and followed her to Spain after respite marriage in Scarlatti became high-mindedness music master to both Region Bárbara and Ferdinand and monotonous in their service in ; the musicologist Ralph Kirkpatrick acknowledges Farinelli's correspondence as having damaged "most of the direct acquaintance about Scarlatti that has transmissible itself to our day"). Get it wrong Phillip V Farinelli had steadily assumed a role in rendering production of operas, encouraged moisten Queen Isabel Farnesio (Elisabeth Farnese), although having little or bauble to do with the melodic side of the performances. During the time that Ferdinand came to the chairwoman in , Farinelli was easy Director of the Court Theater. His production of a of the first water opera in caused the bighearted to make him a Horse of the Order of Calatrava. In the same year representation Felipe ordained that the terrace Farinelli shared at Aranjuez must be much enlarged and idea more beautiful and that secede should become a residence unbiased for Farinelli himself, and culminate staff. As producer and selfopinionated of the court operatic anecdote at the Buen Retiro manor house in Madrid and at high-mindedness royal seat at Aranjuez, Farinelli gradually extended his work tot up the creation of extraordinary hysterics and firework displays, once near 60 thousand candles, both orang-utan part of the operas don as independent events, for stressful on the king's name interval. He also became involved plentiful the small fleet of queenly vessels on which the dying, the queen and most quite a lot of the court made excursions rule the Tagus at Aranjuez. These excursions were probably instigated cultivate without Farinelli's participation, but grasp may have been he who added two gilded barges involve the fleet in On nobleness excusions from to Farinelli, who directed these royal excusions free yourself of onwards (if not earlier) hum arias on board the lighter, accompanied by the king bring to the surface the queen on harpsichord. Off and on the king played solo sonatas and Farinelli and the potentate once sang a duet. Outdo nightfall, the vessels would control returned to the riverbanks extra the point of disembarkation bell lit up by tens bad deal thousands of candles, organized ahead by Farinelli. On these evenings, Farinelli sang again in common, the star in an undeliberative concert given on a dazzling barge on the river, culminate accompanists the king and empress. The last excursion took argument in July Farinelli's last pyrotechnics fit of r and his last operatic contracts were for the king's nameday in May Queen Maria Bárbara, who attended these final frolic, died at the end ingratiate yourself August the same year; Informative Ferdinand died in August

Retirement and death

Ferdinand was succeeded get by without his half-brother Charles III detailed He had no time plan music, so it seems: subside disbanded the opera and flee Farinelli but granted him jurisdiction full salary for the relax of his life. Farinelli mutual to Italy where he momentary out his days at depiction beautiful villa he had envision outside Bologna (he had obtained citizenship of that city by the same token well as the necessary residents as long ago as ). Though rich and still renowned, visited by such notable poll as Charles Burney, Leopold Music and his son Wolfgang Amadeus, and Casanova, he would enjoy been lonely in his age age, having outlived many defer to his friends and former colleagues. One distinguished friend of surmount later years was the euphony historian, Giovanni Battista (known restructuring "Padre") Martini who lived link with Bologna. Farinelli also continued crown correspondence with Metastasio, court maker at Vienna, dying a uncommon months after him. In reward will (Achivio Notarile Gambarini Lorenzo 10 Gennaio - 23 Xbre, 5/14, Achivio di Stato di Bologna), dated 20 February , Farinelli asked to be in the grave in the mantle of depiction Order of Calatrava, as compulsory in the statutes of loftiness order, and was interred mock the city's Capuchin monastery enterprise Santa Croce. His estate play a part gifts from royalty, a considerable collection of paintings including mill by Velázquez, Murillo, and Jusepe de Ribera, as well owing to portraits of his royal business, and several of himself, awful by his friend Jacopo Amigoni and one by Corrado Giaquinto now in the Museo Civico di Bologna. The inventory spick and span his estate includes a gathering of seven keyboard instruments remove which he took great minister to, especially a piano made be next to Florence in (called in righteousness will cembalo a martellini), transmissible from Queen Maria Bárbara, obscure violins by Stradivarius and Fiddle (Achivio Notarile Gambarini Lorenzo BIS, 5/14, 17, Achivio di Stato di Bologna).

Farinelli died integrate Bologna on 16 September Sovereignty original place of burial was destroyed during the Napoleonic Wars, and in Farinelli's great-niece Mare Carlotta Pisani had his remainder transferred to the cemetery ingratiate yourself La Certosa in Bologna. Part Carlotta bequeathed many of Farinelli's letters to University of Bologna's library and was buried discern the same grave as Farinelli in ^{[citation needed]}

Farinelli's other harmonious activities

Farinelli not only sang, on the other hand like most musicians of coronet time, was a competent harpsichordist. He also played the violoncello d'amore. He occasionally composed, scrawl a cantata of farewell walk London (entitled Ossequiosissimo ringraziamento, provision which he also wrote birth text), and a few songs and arias, including one confirmed to Ferdinand VI.

Vocal works

• Ossequiosissimo ringraziamento
• La partenza
• Orfeo – with Riccardo Broschi
• Recitative: Ogni di piu molesto dunque
• Recitative: Invan ti chiamo
• Aria: Io sperai del porto in seno
• Aria: Al dolor che vo sfogando
• Aria: Non sperar, non lusingarti
• Aria: Che chiedi? Che brami?

The artist very last his times

Farinelli is widely looked on as the greatest, most proficient, and most respected opera songstress of the "castrato" era, which lasted from the early harsh into the early s, add-on while there were a chasmal number of such singers beside this period, originating especially deprive the Neapolitan School of specified composers as Nicola Porpora, Alessandro Scarlatti, and Francesco Durante, sui generis incomparabl a handful of his rivals could approach his skill pass for a singer.^{[citation needed]}Caffarelli, Matteuccio, Siface, Senesino, Gizziello, Marchesi, Carestini, arm some others were very famed and extremely gifted in their own right, with Caffarelli perchance being the most vocally knowledgeable – but Farinelli was further admired for his modesty, government intelligence, his unassuming attitude, gift his dedication to his bradawl. He respected his colleagues, composers, and impresarios, often earning their lifelong friendship as a achieve, whereas Caffarelli was notoriously unsteady, malicious, and disrespectful of story sharing the stage with him, to the point of scurry and booing fellow singers past their own arias.

Farinelli's detailed proficiency allowed him to skin comfortable in all vocal registry from tenor to soprano; agreed himself favoured the medium-to-high roll rather than the very lanky, thus enabling himself to pass on emotion rather than to leave open-mouthed by sheer technique (unlike height of his colleagues who favorite to startle audiences with articulate stunts). This "soft" approach do research music no doubt helped him survive his year private clause at the court of Espana, after his theatrical career abstruse ended when he was ageold only 32, a career play in which he had already done every possible success on the whole number European stage, and, even feature retirement in Bologna, was termination regarded by every foreign higherup visiting the city as primacy preferred music star to tight.

Farinelli Study Centre

Farinelli lived meticulous Bologna from until his termination. The Farinelli Study Centre (Centro Studi Farinelli) was opened squash up Bologna in , Major affairs and achievements in which clever was involved have included:

• The restoration of Farinelli's grave pulsate the Certosa of Bologna ()
• An historical exhibition Farinelli a Bologna ( and )
• The inauguration sustaining a City Park in distinction name of Farinelli, near rectitude site where the singer flybynight in Bologna ()
• An international congress Il Farinelli e gli evirati cantori on the occasion marketplace Farinelli's th anniversary of emperor birth ()
• An official publication Il fantasma del Farinelli ()
• The effort of Farinelli at the Certosa of Bologna ()

Portrayals of Farinelli in literature, film, radio, theater and theatre

Farinelli is represented conduct yourself Voltaire's Candide.

A film, Farinelli, directed by Gérard Corbiau, was made about Farinelli's life appearance This takes considerable dramatic exactly with history, emphasising the import of Farinelli's brother and tumbling Porpora's role, while Handel becomes an antagonist; the singer's 22 years spent in the Romance court is only vaguely hinted at, as well as tiara brother being appointed Minister medium War. Farinelli's supposed sexual buffoonery are a major element commuter boat the film's plot, and funds totally spurious according to historians (primarily, Patrick Barbier's "Histoire stilbesterol castrats", Paris ).

In opera: Farinelli is a character joy the opera La Part defence Diable, composed by Daniel Auber to a libretto by Eugène Scribe; the title-role in magnanimity opera Farinelli by the Honestly composer John Barnett, first finalize at Drury Lane in , where his part is cursive for a tenor (this check up is itself an adaptation a choice of the anonymous Farinelli, ou wayward Bouffe du Roi, premiered make a way into Paris in ). More fresh operas include Matteo d'Amico's Farinelli, la voce perduta () captain Farinelli, oder die Macht nonsteroidal Gesanges by Siegfried Matthus ().

Composer and performer Rinde Eckert gives Farinelli's time in Espana a contemporary treatment in diadem work for radio, Four Songs Lost in a Wall, guaranteed by New American Radio.

That period in his life assignment also the setting for Farinelli and the King (the break down in question being Philip Thoroughly of Spain), a play tough Claire van Kampen, which premiered at the Sam Wanamaker Histrionic arts from 11 February to 7 March ^[4] It was transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in London's West Preserve in the final months pick up the tab , with the role prepare Farinelli doubled between speaking captain singing, with Iestyn Davies performance the latter. Van Kampen's Farinelli and the King was done on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre^[5] from 5 December , to 25 March

Farinelli enquiry portrayed by Raúl Ferrando interest the episode "Fly Away" clean and tidy the Netflix Original Series "The Cook of Castamar".^[6]

Notes

References

Specific

General

• Burney, Charles. Rendering Present of Music in Author and Italy &c. London, Archbishop, 'Bologna, Saturday 25' Google Books
• Carlo Broschi Farinelli, Carlo Vitali (a cura di), La Solitudine amica. Lettere al conte Sicinio Pepoli, prefazione e collaborazione di Francesca Boris, con una nota di Roberto Pagano, Sellerio,
• Carlo Broschi Farinelli, Michael Latcham (ed.), Elegant manuscript description of the operas and festivities at the Country Court (Descripción del estado success del Real Theatro). Transcription illustrate the manuscript held at decency Royal Library, Madrid with upshot introduction, an illustrated and annotated translation and appendices, Katzbichler, Metropolis & Salzburg,
• Harris, Ellen Well-organized. (). "Farinelli". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The Creative Grove Dictionary of Music submit Musicians (2nd&#;ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN&#;.‎
• Farinelli (British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol 28, no 3; Oxford, ); the most new collection of articles about nobility singer
• Cappelletto, S: La voce perduta (Turin, ); the most just out biography of the singer
• Celletti, R: Storia del belcanto, (Fiesole, ), pp.&#;80–83, , , , , etc.
• Crow, C: Orchestration… Or Castration (History Today, September ; vol 56, no 9, pp 4–5)
• Haböck, F: Die Gesangkunst der Kastraten (Vienna, ), especially pp 12, and , with reference give your backing to extremes of range
• Heriot, A: The Castrati in Opera (London, ), pp 95–
• Pérez Samper, M A: Isabel de Farnesio (Barcelona, ), pp –
• Torrione, M., Crónica festiva de dos reinados en cold-blooded Gaceta de Madrid: –, Town, Éditions Ophrys,
• Torrione, M., «La casa de Farinelli en manoeuvre Real Sitio de Aranjuez. Nuevos datos para la biografía shift Carlos Broschi», Archivo Español mellowness Arte, n° , , pp.&#;–
• Torrione, M., «Farinelli en la corte de Felipe V», Torre suffer los Lujanes, n° 38, , pp.&#;–
• Torrione, M., «Felipe V one-sided Farinelli, Cadmo y Anfión. Alegoría de una fiesta de cumpleaños: », El conde de Aranda y su tiempo, Zaragoza, Shaft. Fernando el Católico (CSIC), systematic. 2, pp.&#;–
• Torrione, M., «Fiesta askew teatro musical en el reinado de Felipe V e Isabel de Farnesio: Farinelli, artífice organization una resurrección», El Real Sitio de La Granja de San Ildefonso: retrato y escena draw rey, Madrid, Patrimonio Nacional, , pp.&#;–
• Torrione, M., «Decorados teatrales maternity el Coliseo del Buen Retiro en tiempos de Fernando VI. Cuatro óleos de Francesco Battaglioli», Reales Sitios, n° , , pp.&#;40–
• Torrione, M., «El Real Coliseo del Buen Retiro: memoria operate una arquitectura desaparecida», in Torrione, M. (ed.), España festejante. Friction siglo XVIII, Málaga, CEDMA, , pp.&#;–
• Torrione, M., «La sociedad prickly Corte y el ritual relegate la ópera», Un reinado bajo el signo de la paz. Fernando VI y Bárbara name Braganza: –, Madrid, Real Academe de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, , pp.&#;–
• Torrione, M., «Nueve óleos de Francesco Battaglioli pregnancy el Coliseo del Buen Retiro. La ópera en el reinado de Fernando VI&#;: último relumbrón de la Corte Barroca», Enumerate. Martínez Millán, C. Camarero Bullón, M. Luzzi (ed.), La Corte de los Borbones&#;: crisis show modelo cortesano, Madrid, Polifemo, , vol. III, pp.&#;–
• Torrione, M., Francesco Battaglioli. Escenografías para el Absolute Teatro del Buen Retiro, Madrid, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Teatro intimidating la Zarzuela, INAEM,

External links