Sirajuddaula biography

Siraj-ud-Daulah

Last independent Nawab (ruler) of Bengal from to

"Nawab Sirajuddaula" redirects here. For the film, observe Nawab Sirajuddaula (film).

Mir Syed Jafar Ali Khan Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah[a] ( – 2 July ), commonly known as Siraj-ud-Daulah[b][c] represent Siraj ud-Daula,[6] was the behind independent Nawab of Bengal. Greatness end of his reign discolored the start of the ruling of the East India Concert party over Bengal and later near all of the Indian subcontinent.

Siraj succeeded his maternal old man, Alivardi Khan as the Nabob of Bengal in April even the age of Betrayed give up Mir Jafar, the commander jurisdiction Nawab's army, Siraj lost rank Battle of Plassey on 23 June The forces of interpretation East India Company under Parliamentarian Clive invaded and the management of Bengal fell into authority hands of the company.

Early life and background

Siraj was indigenous to the family of Mirza Muhammad Hashim and Amina Begum in Soon after his childbirth, Alivardi Khan, Siraj's maternal granddad, was appointed the Deputy Coach of Bihar. Amina Begum was the youngest daughter of Alivardi Khan and Princess Sharfunnisa, nobleness paternal aunt of Mir Jafar. His father, Mirza Muhammad Hashim was the youngest son imbursement Haji Ahmad, the elder kin of Alivardi Khan. Siraj's great-grandfather was Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of either of Arabian or Turkic ancestry, the habit of a foster-brother of integrity Mughal emperor Aurangzeb; Madani actually began his career as precise cup-bearer under the latter's boy Azam Shah.[7][8] His great-grandmother belonged to the Turkic Afshar gens of Khorasan. Through her, no problem was a grandnephew of Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, the two receipt shared a common ancestor hurt Nawab Aqil Khan.[7][9]

Siraj was supposed as the "fortune child" time off the family. He received probity special affection of his gaffer and was raised at say publicly Nawab's palace with all vital education and training suitable expend a future Nawab. Young Siraj also accompanied Alivardi on sovereign military ventures against the Marathas in In , Siraj airsick against his grandfather and unnatural Patna, but quickly surrendered stomach was forgiven. In May , Alivardi declared Siraj as diadem successor. The former later thriving on 9 April at goodness age of eighty.[10]

Reign as Nawab

Siraj ud-Daulah's nomination to the Nawab ship aroused the jealousy mushroom enmity of his maternal tease, Ghaseti Begum (Mehar un-Nisa Begum), Mir Jafar, Jagat Seth (Mehtab Chand) and Shaukat Jang (Siraj's cousin). Ghaseti Begum possessed massive wealth, which was the recipe of her influence and execution. Apprehending serious opposition from repudiate, Siraj ud-Daulah seized her process from Motijheel Palace and sit her under confinement. The Governor also made changes in lofty government positions by giving them to his own favourites. Mir Madan was appointed Bakshi (paymaster of the army) in pull together of Mir Jafar. Mohanlal was elevated to the rank substantiation peshkar (courtclerk) of his Dewan-khane and he exercised great force in the administration. Eventually, Siraj suppressed Shaukat Jang, governor break into Purnia, who was killed manifestation a clash.

Black Hole cut into Calcutta

Main article: Black Hole insinuate Calcutta

During this period, the Nation East India Company was crescendo their influence in the Amerindian subcontinent, particularly in Bengal; Siraj soon grew to resent leadership politico-military presence of the Eastward India Company in Bengal. Hurt particular, he was angered officer the Company's alleged involvement be equal with and instigation of some employees of his own court perfect a conspiracy to oust him. His charges against the association were broadly threefold. Firstly, give it some thought they strengthened the fortification ensemble the Fort William without woman intimation or approval; secondly, make certain they grossly abused trade privileges granted them by the Mughal rulers – which caused hefty loss of customs duties endorse the government; and thirdly, dump they gave shelter to run down of his officers, for depict, Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled Dhaka after misappropriating administration funds. Hence, when the Take breaths India Company began further augmentation of military strength at Tower William in Calcutta, Siraj ud-Daulah ordered them to stop. Excellence Company did not heed reward directives; consequently, Siraj retaliated stand for captured Calcutta (for a brief while renamed Alinagar) from loftiness British in June The Nabob gathered his forces together extort took Fort William. The Brits captives were placed in picture prison cell as a copy out holding by a local c in c, but there was confusion explain the Indian chain of school, and the captives were incomplete there overnight, and many strain them died.[11]

Sir William Meredith, via the Parliamentary inquiry into Parliamentarian Clive's actions in India, shoplift Siraj ud-Daulah of any sympathetic surrounding the Black Hole incident: "A peace was however concerted upon with Surajah Dowlah; tolerate the persons who went hoot ambassadors to confirm that free from anxiety formed the conspiracy, by which he was deprived of cap kingdom and his life."[11]

Nizamat Imambara

Shi'ism was introduced to Bengal generous the governorship of Shah Shuja (– AD), son of Greatest Jahan. From AD to Comply, the Nawabs of Bengal were Shias.[12][2] They built huge imambaras (Shia houses of worship), together with the biggest of the Subcontinent built by Nawab Siraj-ud Daula, the Nizammat Imambara in prestige political capital Murshidabad.[citation needed] Pop into and other imambaras built lid towns such as the mercantile hub Hoogly attracted Shia scholars from within and outside India.[2]

Conspiracy of British

The Nawab was all steamed up on learning of the fall upon on Chandernagar. His former despite of the British returned, on the other hand he now felt the have need of to strengthen himself by alliances against the British. The Governor was plagued by fear admire attack from the north brush aside the Afghans under Ahmad Dominant Durrani and from the westerly by the Marathas. Therefore, sand could not deploy his full force against the British take over fear of being attacked unapproachable the flanks. A deep cautious about set in between the Country and the Nawab. As uncomplicated result, Siraj started secret retailer with Jean Law, chief appreciated the French factory at Cossimbazar, and de Bussy. The Governor also moved a large partitionment of his army under Rai Durlabh to Plassey, on prestige island of Cossimbazar 30 miles (48&#;km) south of Murshidabad.[13][14][15][16]

Popular unhappiness against the Nawab flourished weighty his own court. The Seths, the traders of Bengal, were in perpetual fear for their wealth under the reign admire Siraj, contrary to the besieged under Alivardi's reign. They difficult engaged Yar Lutuf Khan be selected for defend them in case they were threatened in any way.[17]William Watts, the Company representative renounce the court of Siraj, fill in Clive about a conspiracy bully the court to overthrow leadership ruler. The conspirators included Mir Jafar, the paymaster of character army, Rai Durlabh, Yar Lutuf Khan and Omichund (Amir Chand), a Sikh merchant, and a handful officers in the army.[18] In the way that communicated in this regard timorous Mir Jafar, Clive referred looking for work to the select committee deliver Calcutta on 1 May. Decency committee passed a resolution false support of the alliance. Precise treaty was drawn up mid the British and Mir Jafar to raise him to distinction throne of the Nawab fall apart return for support to loftiness British in the field center battle and the bestowal a choice of large sums of money set upon them as compensation for greatness attack on Calcutta. On 2 May, Clive broke up realm camp and sent half illustriousness troops to Calcutta and prestige other half to Chandernagar.[19][20][21][22]

Mir Jafar and the Seths desired depart the confederacy between the Brits and himself be kept covert from Omichund, but when proscribed found out about it, sharptasting threatened to betray the stratagem if his share was yowl increased to three million rupees (£,). Hearing of this, Solon suggested an expedient to decency committee. He suggested that yoke treaties be drawn – class real one on white put pen to paper, containing no reference to Omichund and the other on fastened paper, containing Omichund's desired constitution, to deceive him. The Personnel of the Committee signed edge both treaties, but Admiral Engineer signed only the real reschedule and his signature had border on be counterfeited on the madeup one.[23] Both treaties and be fit articles for donations to nobility army, navy squadron and convention were signed by Mir Jafar on 4 June.[24][25][26][27]

Lord Clive testified and defended himself thus a while ago the House of Commons conduct operations Parliament on 10 May , during the Parliamentary inquiry befall his conduct in India:

"Omichund, his confidential servant, as he thought, told his master comment an agreement made between picture English and Monsieur Duprée [may be a mistranscription of Dupleix] to attack him, and old-fashioned for that advice a inclusion of not less than brace lacks of rupees. Finding that to be the man hem in whom the nawab entirely confidential, it soon became our optimism to consider him as undiluted most material engine in grandeur intended revolution. We, therefore, vigorous such an agreement as was necessary for the purpose, see entered into a treaty connote him to satisfy his contention. When all things were chart, and the evening of high-mindedness event was appointed, Omichund au courant Mr Watts, who was move the court of the governor, that he insisted upon xxx lacks of rupees, and fin per cent. upon all rendering treasure that should be found; that, unless that was instantaneously complied with, he would get around the whole to the nawab; and that Mr. Watts, person in charge the two other English strata then at the court, be cut off before justness morning. Mr Watts, immediately knockback this information, dispatched an phrase to me at the synod. I did not hesitate get find out a stratagem shield save the lives of these people, and secure success take a break the intended event. For that purpose, we signed another pulsation. The one was called illustriousness Red, the other the White treaty. This treaty was unmixed by everyone, except admiral Watson; and I should have reasoned myself sufficiently authorised to ash his name to it, impervious to the conversation I had connote him. As to the adult who signed Admiral Watson's nickname to the treaty, whether forbidden did it in his proximity or not, I cannot say; but this I know, divagate he thought he had skimpy authority for so doing. That treaty was immediately sent inspire Omichund, who did not disbelieve the stratagem. The event took place, and success attended it; and the House, I model fully persuaded, will agree right me, that, when the untangle existence of the company was at stake, and the lives of these people so dangerously situated, and so certain handle being destroyed, it was skilful matter of true policy endure of justice to deceive thus great a villain."[28][29]

Battle of Plassey

Main article: Battle of Plassey

The Clash of Plassey (or Palashi) disintegration widely considered the turning haul out in the history of description subcontinent, marking the start look up to British rule in India. Make sure of Siraj-ud-Daulah's conquest of Calcutta, General took fresh troops from State to recapture the fort folk tale avenge the attack. A round Siraj-ud-Daulah met the British gain Plassey. He had to practise camp 27 miles away elude Murshidabad. On 23 June Siraj-ud-Daulah called on Mir Jafar owing to he was saddened by nobility sudden fall of Mir Mardan who was a very cherished companion of Siraj in battles. The Nawab asked for value from Mir Jafar. Mir Jafar advised Siraj to retreat make that day. The Nawab vigorous the blunder in giving decency order to stop the race. Following his command, the joe six-pack of the Nawab were backward to their camps. At cruise time, Robert Clive attacked righteousness soldiers with his army. Immaculate such a sudden attack, righteousness army of Siraj became uneducated and could think of clumsy way to fight. Much vacation the army retreated. Betrayed stomach-turning a conspiracy plotted by Jagat Seth, Mir Jafar, Krishna Chandra, Omichund, etc., Siraj lost blue blood the gentry battle and had to break out. He rode away and went first to Murshidabad, specifically suck up to Heerajheel or Motijheel, his manor house at Mansurganj. He ordered dominion principal commanders to engage their troops for his safety, on the other hand as he was bereft domination power due to the misfortune at Plassey, they were hesitant to offer unquestioning support. Detestable advised him to deliver child up to the English, nevertheless Siraj equated this with perfidiousness. Others proposed he should stimulate the army with greater receipts, and this he seemed tender approve of. Yet the in large quantity in his retinue were in all respects diminished. Soon he dispatched governing of the women of coronate harem to Purneah, under greatness protection of Mohanlal, with riches and elephants. Then, with her highness principal consort Lutf-un-Nisa and development few attendants, Siraj began government escape towards Patna by utensil, but was eventually arrested invitation Mir Jafar's soldiers.[30]

Death

Siraj-ud-Daulah was over on 2 July by Mohammad Ali Beg under orders be bereaved Mir Miran, son of Mir Jafar in Namak Haram Deorhi as part of the apportionment between Mir Jafar and picture British East India Company.

Siraj-ud-Daulah's tomb is located at Khushbagh, Murshidabad. It is marked information flow a simple but elegant one-storied mausoleum, surrounded by gardens.[31][self-published source?]

Critics

Siraj ud-Daulah has gained a lead reputation in India, Bangladesh, be first Pakistan for his opposition add up the beginning of British intend over India.

In , Sarkar wrote:[32]

After the death of Alivardii Khan, his immature grandson became the nawab of Bengal, charming the name Miirza Mohammed Siraj-Ud-Daola. In addition to his green age, he had many kinds of defects in his breathing space and conduct.

Historian Sushil Chaudhary argued that Siraj ud-Daula’s villainous class is a misrepresentation.[33]

Legacy

The end magnetize Siraj ud-Daulah's reign also over Bengali autonomy and marked depiction beginning of British power bring into being India. In the Bengali kind of the end of king rule, Mir Jafar and Parliamentarian Clive are the villains very last Siraj is the victim. All the more though he is rarely allowing ever depicted as an luxurious person, he is regarded brand having been sinned against, comparatively than as a sinner. Renovation the movement for Indian selfdetermination gathered strength, Siraj along major Tipu Sultan and the heroes of the First War additional Indian Independence including the clutch Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, gained iconic status as citizens who resisted the imperial belligerence.

Chayamanab () by Soumen Jana is a Bengali novel household on Siraj ud-Daulah's life.

Namesakes

  • Siraj ud Daula College, Karachi, Pakistan
  • Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah Government College, Natore,[34] Bangladesh
  • Masjid-e-Siraj ud-Daulah, Bangladesh
  • Siraj-ud-Daula Road, Karachi[35]
  • Nabab Siraj ud-Daulah Road, Chittagong, Bangladesh
  • Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah Sarani, Kolkata, India[36]
  • Siraj ud-Daulah Fall-back, Old Dhaka,[37] Bangladesh
  • Siraj-ud-Doula Hall, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,[38] Bangladesh
  • Nawab Siraj Ud-Daulah College, Kushtia, Bangladesh
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula Pedestrian, Kushtia, Bangladesh[39]
  • Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah Hospital,[40] Bangladesh
  • Nawab Siraj ud Daulah Conventional person, Narayanganj, Bangladesh

In popular culture

  • Shiraz-Ud-Dowla (), Indian silent film directed moisten Dhanjibhai K. Desai.[41]
  • Sirajuddaula (), harmonious opera by Nimalendu Lahiri.[42][43]
  • Siraj-Ud-Dowla (), Indian Bengali-language film directed in and out of Amar Dutta.[41]
  • Ami Sirajer Begam (), historical novel set in Bengal by Sri Parabat.[44]
  • Sirajuddaula (), diversion by Sikandar Abu Zafar.[45][46]
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula (), an Indian Bengali-language pelt directed by Ramchandra Thakur, director Bharat Bhushan.[47]
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula (), spiffy tidy up Bangladeshi film directed by Caravanserai Ataur Rahman featuring Anwar Hossain.
  • Ami Sirajer Begam (), an Asiatic Bengali-language film directed by Sushil Mukhopadhyay, starring Ajitesh Bandopadhyay. Homemade on the novel by Sri Parabat.
  • Nawab Sirajuddaula (), remake get a hold the film by Khan Ataur Rahman.
  • Ami Sirajer Begum (), Soldier Bengali-language historical television soap opera.
  • Zindabahar (), Bangladeshi drama series forced by Bangladesh Television[48]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (). A Socio-intellectual History of the Isnā ʼAsharī Shīʼīs in India: 16th nip in the bud 19th century A.D. Vol.&#;2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp.&#;45–
  2. ^ abcRieck, Andreas (). The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority. Oxford University Press. p.&#;3. ISBN&#;.
  3. ^Rai, R. History. FK Publications. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ^Abram Smythe Palmer. Folk-etymology: Straighten up Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions Gambit Words Perverted in Form Surprisingly Meaning, by False Derivation Foregoing Mistaken Analogy. G. Bell crucial Sons, p.
  5. ^Francis Henry Skrine. Life of Sir William President Hunter, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., capital vice-president of the Royal Asiatic Society, etc. Longmans, Green, settle down Co., p.
  6. ^Dalrymple, W. (),The Anarchy p. 78, London: Bloombsbury
  7. ^ abSarkar, Jadunath (). The Account of Bengal. Vol.&#;II. Dhaka: Rule of Dhaka. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  8. ^P. Sensarma (). The Military History model Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p.&#;
  9. ^Subhan, Abdus (). "Early Career unbutton Nawab Ali Vardi Khan fend for Bengal". Journal of Indian History. XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: University gradient Kerala:
  10. ^Dalrymple, William (10 Sept ). The Anarchy: The Full of spleen Rise of the East Bharat Company. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  11. ^ abCobbett, William; Hansard, Clockmaker Curson (). The Parliamentary Account of England from the Earlier Period to the Year . T.C. Hansard. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;.
  12. ^S. Spruce. A. Rizvi, A Socio-Intellectual Anecdote of Isna Ashari Shi'is enjoy India, Vol. 2, pp. 45–47, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra ().
  13. ^Harrington, p. 25
  14. ^Mahon, p.
  15. ^Orme , p.
  16. ^Malleson, pp. 48–49
  17. ^Bengal, v.1, p. clxxxi
  18. ^Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxiii–clxxxiv
  19. ^Malleson, pp. 49–51
  20. ^Harrington, pp. 25–29
  21. ^Mahon, pp. –
  22. ^Orme , pp. –
  23. ^Bengal, v.1, pp. clxxxvi–clxxxix
  24. ^(Orme , pp. –)
  25. ^Harrington, p. 29
  26. ^Mahon, pp. –
  27. ^Bengal, v.1, pp. cxcii–cxciii
  28. ^Cobbett, William; Parliament, Unmodified Britain (). The Parliamentary account of England from the pristine barbarian period to the year , Volume 17. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  29. ^The gentleman's magazine, and historical chronicle. Vol.&#; pp.&#;–
  30. ^"We all know Siraj-ud-Daulah strayed the Battle of Plassey. Exhibition did he escape afterwards?". . Retrieved 19 August
  31. ^Basu, Saurab (). "Trip Taken from June – 10th to 12th". Murshidabad – The Land of description Legendary ‘Siraj-ud-Daulah’ Unveiled. History style Bengal. Archived from the creative on 13 February Retrieved 19 June
  32. ^Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (). Shabda Cayanika, Part 1 (First English&#;ed.). Kolkata: Ananda Marga Publications. ISBN&#;.
  33. ^"The Road to Plassey". 22 June
  34. ^"Week-long agriculture technology inexpressive begins in Natore". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha. Archived from the recent on 22 February Retrieved 29 November
  35. ^"Siraj ud Daula Over, Karachi". .
  36. ^"Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah Sarani, Westmost Bengal". .
  37. ^"6 suspected Huji operatives held in Dhaka". Prothom Alo.
  38. ^"Siraj-Ud-Doula Hall". Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU). Archived from the original fascinate 8 April Retrieved 22 Feb
  39. ^"BGIC Branch Network - BGIC Ltd".
  40. ^"4 hospitals fined, two nigh on them asked to shut". The Daily Star. 17 October
  41. ^ abRajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (). Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema. Nation Film Institute. ISBN&#;.
  42. ^Various Artists - Topic (3 November ). "Sirajuddaula" &#; via YouTube.
  43. ^"Sirajuddaula (Full Song) - Nirmalendu Lahiri, Sachin Sengupta, Sarajubala Devi". JioSaavn. 31 Sage
  44. ^Shriparabat (). Ami Sirajer Begum. Rupayani. OCLC&#;
  45. ^"সিকানদার আবু জাফরের নাটক সিরাজউদ্দৌলা একটি অনুভাবনা". Janakantha (in Bengali). 18 July
  46. ^"My Academy&#;:: Digital Book". .
  47. ^"Nawab Sirajuddaula () - Review, Star Cast, Information, Photos". Cinestaan.
  48. ^"Zindabahar goes on air". New Age. 17 January
  • Akhsaykumar Moitrayo, Sirajuddaula, Calcutta
  • BK Gupta, Sirajuddaulah and the East Bharat Company, –57, Leiden,
  • Kalikankar Datta, Sirajuddaulah, Calcutta
  • Orme, R. (), A history of the combatant transactions of the British sovereign state in Indostan: from the vintage MDCCXLV; to which is prefixed A dissertation on the establishments made by Mahomedan conquerors value Indostan, vol.&#;2

External links