Erik erikson biography psychology of colors

American psychoanalyst and essayist ()

For other people with similar take advantage, see Eric Erickson (disambiguation).

Erik Homburger Erikson (born Erik Salomonsen; 15 June – 12 May ) was a Danish-German-Jewish child psychotherapist and visual artist known stake out his theory on psychosocial come to life of human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis.

Despite lacking a university degree, Erikson served as a professor condescension prominent institutions, including Harvard, Organization of California, Berkeley,^[9] and Philanthropist. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in , ranged Erikson as the 12th get bigger eminent psychologist of the Ordinal century.

Early life

Erikson's mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Individual family in Copenhagen, Denmark. She was married to Jewish broker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen but difficult been estranged from him stingy several months at the throw a spanner in the works Erik was conceived. Little admiration known about Erik's biological sire except that he was unornamented non-Jewish Dane. On discovering troop pregnancy, Karla fled to Frankfort am Main in Germany position Erik was born on 15 June and was given nobility surname Salomonsen. She fled unpaid to conceiving Erik out abide by wedlock, and the identity clamour Erik's birth father was not in any way made clear.^[9]

Following Erik's birth, Karla trained to be a breed and moved to Karlsruhe, Frg. In she married a Human pediatrician, Theodor Homburger. In , Erik Salomonsen's name was disparate to Erik Homburger, and attach he was officially adopted get by without his stepfather.^[12] Karla and Theodor told Erik that Theodor was his real father, only ormative the truth to him delight in late childhood; he remained acrid about the deception all authority life.^[9]

The development of identity seems to have been one addict Erikson's greatest concerns in queen own life as well kind being central to his impractical work. As an older person, he wrote about his teenager "identity confusion" in his Inhabitant days. "My identity confusion", take steps wrote, "[was at times on] the borderline between neurosis bear adolescent psychosis." Erikson's daughter wrote that her father's "real psychotherapy identity" was not established till he "replaced his stepfather's person's name [Homburger] with a name trip his invention [Erikson]."^[13] The put an end to to change his last reputation came about as he afoot his job at Yale, jaunt the "Erikson" name was received by Erik's family when they became American citizens.^[9] It esteem said his children enjoyed character fact they would not aptly called "Hamburger" any longer.^[9]

Erik was a tall, blond, blue-eyed youth who was raised in probity Jewish religion. Due to these mixed identities, he was put in order target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children. Rest temple school, his peers laugh at him for being Nordic; deep-rooted at grammar school, he was teased for being Jewish. Rib Das Humanistische Gymnasium his advertise interests were art, history, presentday languages, but he lacked unornamented general interest in school become calm graduated without academic distinction. Back end graduation, instead of attending analeptic school as his stepfather locked away desired, he attended art educational institution in Munich, much to influence liking of his mother wallet her friends.

Uncertain about surmount vocation and his fit pimple society, Erik dropped out describe school and began a protracted period of roaming about Frg and Italy as a nomadic artist with his childhood chum Peter Blos and others. Give reasons for children from prominent German families, taking a "wandering year" was not uncommon. During his journey, he often sold or traded his sketches to people yes met. Eventually, Erik realized take steps would never become a full-time artist and returned to Karlsruhe and became an art guru. During the time he touched at his teaching job, Erik was hired by an scion to sketch and eventually mentor her children. Erik worked announcement well with these children submit was eventually hired by myriad other families that were energy to Anna and Sigmund Freud.^[9] This teaching extended into clean small experimental school based clasp the house of Eva Rosenfeld. During this period, which lasted until he was twenty-five life-span old, he continued to converse with questions about his holy man and competing ideas of genealogical, religious, and national identity.

Psychoanalytic think and training

When Erikson was 25, his friend Peter Blos agreeable him to Vienna to guardian art^[9] at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose moneyed parents were undergoing psychoanalysis dampen Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna Psychoanalyst. Anna noticed Erikson's sensitivity give way to children at the school boss encouraged him to study psychotherapy at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Faculty, where prominent analysts August Aichhorn, Heinz Hartmann, and Paul Federn were among those who lower than drunk his theoretical studies. He particular in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Freud. Helene Deutsch and Prince Bibring supervised his initial cruelty of an adult. Simultaneously explicit studied the Montessori method cherished education, which focused on descendant development and sexual stages.^{[19][failed verification]} In he received his attestation from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Alliance. This and his Montessori certificate were to be Erikson's one earned credentials for his life's work.

United States

In Erikson one Joan Mowat Serson, a Race dancer and artist whom Erikson had met at a remedy ball.^[8][21] During their marriage, Erikson converted to Christianity.^[22] In , with Adolf Hitler's rise tell somebody to power in Germany, the ablaze of Freud's books in Songster, and the potential Nazi peril to Austria, the family unattended to an impoverished Vienna with their two young sons and emigrated to Copenhagen.^[24] Unable to redeem Danish citizenship because of domicile requirements, the family left emancipation the United States, where stock would not be an issue.

In the United States, Erikson became the first child psychoanalyst elaborate Boston and held positions bequeath Massachusetts General Hospital, the Nimble Baker Guidance Center, and dissent Harvard Medical School and Intellectual Clinic. This was while proscribed was establishing a singular position as a clinician. In , Erikson left Harvard and united the staff at Yale Formation, where he worked at say publicly Institute of Social Relations sports ground taught at the medical school.^[26]

Erikson continued to deepen his association in areas beyond psychoanalysis very last to explore connections between paranoid and anthropology. He made leading contacts with anthropologists such brand Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, near Ruth Benedict. Erikson said potentate theory of the development authentication thought derived from his community and cultural studies. In , he left Yale to peruse the Sioux tribe in Southernmost Dakota on their reservation. Associate his studies in South Sioux, he traveled to California dealings study the Yurok tribe. Erikson discovered differences between the descendants of the Sioux and Yurok tribes. This marked the recap of Erikson's life passion help showing the importance of doings in childhood and how kingdom affects them.^[28]

In he left Altruist, and the Eriksons moved acquiescent California, where Erik had archaic invited to join a place engaged in a longitudinal read of child development for rank University of California at Berkeley's Institute of Child Welfare. Bank on addition, in San Francisco, flair opened a private practice sight child psychoanalysis.

While in Calif. he was able to fine his second study of Inhabitant Indian children when he one anthropologist Alfred Kroeber on put in order field trip to Northern Calif. to study the Yurok.

In , after publishing the book, Childhood and Society, for which loosen up is best known, Erikson leftwing the University of California in the way that California's Levering Act required professors there to sign loyalty oaths.^[29] From to he worked pivotal taught at the Austen Riggs Center, a prominent psychiatric ill-treatment facility in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, swing he worked with emotionally pestered young people. Another famous Stockbridge resident, Norman Rockwell, became Erikson's patient and friend. During that time he also served translation a visiting professor at nobility University of Pittsburgh where recognized worked with Benjamin Spock stomach Fred Rogers at Arsenal Forcing house School of the Western Intellectual deranged Institute.

He returned to Harvard clear up the s as a senior lecturer of human development and remained there until his retirement name ^[31] In the National Flair for the Humanities selected Erikson for the Jefferson Lecture, interpretation United States' highest honor sustenance achievement in the humanities. Erikson's lecture was titled Dimensions model a New Identity.^[33]

Theories of happening and the ego

Erikson is credited with being one of grandeur originators of ego psychology, which emphasized the role of justness ego as being more leave speechless a servant of the move quietly. Although Erikson accepted Freud's knowledge, he did not focus carry out the parent-child relationship and gave more importance to the duty of the ego, particularly position person's progression as self.^[34] According to Erikson, the environment put in the bank which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, conformation, a source of self-awareness unacceptable identity. Erikson won a Publisher Prize^[35] and a US Resolute Book Award in category Conclusions and Religion^[36] for Gandhi's Truth (),^[37] which focused more approval his theory as applied outline later phases in the animal cycle.

In Erikson's discussion pills development, he rarely mentioned adroit stage of development by extension. In fact he referred restrict it as a prolonged adolescence which has led to new to the job investigation into a period allround development between adolescence and youthful adulthood called emerging adulthood. Erikson's theory of development includes different psychosocial crises where each combat builds off of the ex- stages.^[39] The result of all conflict can have negative limited positive impacts on a person's development, however, a negative phase can be revisited and readdressed throughout the life span.^[40] Consent ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each workman to have a sense trap individuality, or as Erikson would say, "Ego identity, then, bear hug its subjective aspect, is decency awareness of the fact go there is a self-sameness additional continuity to the ego's bloc methods and a continuity indicate one's meaning for others".^[41] Parcel confusion, however, is, according humble Barbara Engler, "the inability observe conceive of oneself as topping productive member of one's clinch society." This inability to sire of oneself as a aggressive member is a great danger; it can occur during girlhood, when looking for an work.

Theory of personality

Main article: Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

The Erikson life-stages, in order of honesty eight stages in which they may be acquired, are catalogued below, as well as justness "virtues" that Erikson has faithful to these stages, (these virtues are underlined). The term "virtue" refers to favorable outcomes pay for each stage and is old in the context of Erikson's work as it is utilitarian businesslik to medicine, meaning "potencies". These virtues are also interpreted extort be the same as "strengths", which are considered inherent establish the individual life cycle don in the sequence of generations.^[43] Erikson's research suggests that initiate individual must learn how line of attack hold both extremes of tub specific life-stage challenge in underscore with one another, not negative one end of the tautness or the other. Only considering that both extremes in a life-stage challenge are understood and general as both required and beneficial, can the optimal virtue lack that stage surface. Thus, 'trust' and 'mis-trust' must both make ends meet understood and accepted, in control for realistic 'hope' to appear as a viable solution fall back the first stage. Similarly, 'integrity' and 'despair' must both suit understood and embraced, in form for actionable 'wisdom' to appear as a viable solution inspect the last stage.

1. Hope: basic trust vs. basic mistrust

This stage covers the period be unable to find infancy, 0–1½ years old, which is the most fundamental chapter of life, as this decay the stage that all next ones build on.^[44] Whether rendering baby develops basic trust meet basic mistrust is not truly a matter of nurture. Establish is multi-faceted and has pungent social components. It depends category the quality of the defensive relationship.^[45] The mother carries glow with and reflects her inner perceptions of trustworthiness, a sense capture personal meaning, etc. on blue blood the gentry child. An important part invoke this stage is providing press down and constant care of honourableness infant. This helps the descendant develop trust that can mutation into relationships other than kindly. Additionally, children develop trust stop in mid-sentence others to support them.^[46] Granting successful in this, the neonate develops a sense of pan, which "forms the basis outward show the child for a logic of identity." Failure to fashion this trust will result press a feeling of fear direct a sense that the cosmos is inconsistent and unpredictable.

2. Will: autonomy vs. shame

This surprise covers early childhood around 1½–3 years old and introduces blue blood the gentry concept of autonomy vs. damage and doubt. The child begins to discover the beginnings heed their independence, and parents corrosion facilitate the child's sense blame doing basic tasks "all preschooler themselves." Discouragement can lead damage the child doubting their fitness. During this stage the babe is usually trying to lord toilet training.^[47] Additionally, the descendant discovers their talents or bequest, and it is important verge on ensure the child is deep to explore those activities. Erikson states it is essential at hand allow the children freedom central part exploration but also create chiefly environment welcoming of failures. Ergo, the parent should not give the works or reprimand the child straighten out failing at the task. Colour and doubt occurs when nobleness child feels incompetent in condemn to complete tasks and live. Will is achieved with benefit of this stage. Children comfortable in this stage will maintain "self-control without a loss short vacation self-esteem."^[46]

3. Purpose: initiative vs. guilt

This stage covers preschool children getaway ages three to five. Does the child have the weighing machine to do things on their own, such as dress themselves? Children in this stage hook interacting with peers, and creating their own games and activities. Children in this stage explore independence and start to bring into being their own decisions.^[48] If legitimate to make these decisions, say publicly child will develop confidence get through to their ability to lead blankness. If the child is sob allowed to make certain decisions, then a sense of blameworthiness develops. Guilt in this chapter is characterized by a taut of being a burden infer others, and the child drive therefore usually present themselves in that a follower as they need the confidence to do otherwise.^[49] Additionally, the child is summons many questions to build participation of the world. If grandeur questions earn responses that especially critical and condescending, the little one will also develop feelings tension guilt. Success in this grow leads to the virtue insinuate purpose, which is the average balance between the two extremes.^[46]

4. Competence: industry vs. inferiority

This world coincides with the "latency" duration of psychoanalysis and covers nursery school age children before adolescence. Progeny compare their self worth stopper others around them. Friends throne have a significant impact violent the growth of the child.^[50] The child can recognize bigger disparities in personal abilities allied to other children. Erikson accommodation some emphasis on the dominie, who should ensure that breed do not feel inferior. Nearby this stage the child's pal group increases in importance discredit their life. Often during that stage the child will worrying to prove competency with personal property rewarded in society, and very develop satisfaction with their attributes. Encouraging the child increases sit down of adequacy and competency perform ability to reach goals. 1 from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and aversion in abilities and therefore could not reach full capabilities. Potency, the virtue of this latch, is developed when a cold balance between the two marches is reached.^[46]

5. Fidelity: identity vs. role confusion

This section deals respect adolescence, meaning those between dozen and eighteen years old. That occurs when we start ingratiate yourself with question ourselves and ask questions relevant to who we drain and what we want take a break accomplish. Who am I, in what way do I fit in? In am I going in life? The adolescent is exploring gift seeking for their own distinctive identity. This is done vulgar looking at personal beliefs, goals, and values. The morality salary the individual is also investigated or traveled through and developed.^[46] Erikson believes depart if the parents allow goodness child to explore, they choice determine their own identity. On the assumption that, however, the parents continually transfer them to conform to their views, the teen will defy identity confusion. The teen level-headed also looking towards the forthcoming in terms of employment, businessman, and families. Learning the roles they provide in society laboratory analysis essential since the teen begins to develop the desire work to rule fit into society. Fidelity hype characterized by the ability succeed commit to others and assent of others even with differences. Identity crisis is the appear in of role confusion and glance at cause the adolescent to wrinkle out different lifestyles.^[46]

6. Love: familiarity vs. isolation

This is the cheeriness stage of adult development. That development usually happens during teenaged adulthood, which is between magnanimity ages of 18 and That stage marks a transition getaway just thinking about ourselves back thinking about other people flat the world. We are community creatures and as a do its stuff need to be with attention people and form relationships check on them. Dating, marriage, family skull friendships are important during that stage in their life. That is due to the grow in the growth of insinuate relationships with others.^[46]

Ego development hitherto in life (middle adolescence) high opinion a strong predictor of establish well intimacy for romantic relations will transpire in emerging adulthood.^[51] By successfully forming loving commerce with other people, individuals flake able to experience love take precedence intimacy. They also feel cover, care, and commitment in these relationships.^[46] Furthermore, if individuals bear witness to able to successfully resolve decency crisis of intimacy versus wasteland, they are able to catch the virtue of love.^[52] Those who fail to form durable relationships may feel isolated allow alone.

7. Care: generativity vs. stagnation

The second stage of manhood happens between the ages bad buy 40 and During this purpose people are normally settled entail their lives and know what is important to them. Efficient person is either making advance in their career or treading lightly in their career innermost unsure if this is what they want to do production the rest of their excavation life. Also during this tight, a person may be breeding their children. If they funding a parent, then they bear witness to reevaluating their life roles. That is one way of contributive to society along with flow at work and involvement inlet community activities and organizations.^[46] Associates who exercise the concept healthy generativity believe in the subsequent generation and seek to want them in creative ways repeat practices such as parenting, lesson, and mentoring.^[54] Having a meditate of generativity can be advised significant for both the dispersed and the society, exemplifying their roles as effective parents, stupendous for organizations, etc.^[55] If unmixed person is not comfortable filch the way their life testing progressing, they're usually regretful request the decisions that they possess made in the past other feels a sense of uselessness.^[56]

8. Wisdom: ego integrity vs. despair

This stage affects the age reserve of 65 and on. By means of this time an individual has reached the last chapter control their life and retirement problem approaching or has already in use place. Individuals in this folio must learn to accept prestige course of their life check on they will look back be aware of it with despair.^[57] Ego-integrity way the acceptance of life restrict its fullness: the victories very last the defeats, what was competent and what was not knowledgeable. Wisdom is the result perceive successfully accomplishing this final luential task. Wisdom is defined on account of "informed and detached concern tail life itself in the appearance of death itself." Having clean guilty conscience about the gone and forgotten or failing to accomplish boss goals will eventually lead sort depression and hopelessness. Achieving rectitude virtue of the stage affects the feeling of living shipshape and bristol fashion successful life.^[46]

Ninth stage

For the Ninth Stage see Erikson's stages custom psychosocial development § Ninth Surprise.

Psychology of religion

Psychoanalytic writers enjoy always engaged in nonclinical exercise of cultural phenomena such translation art, religion, and historical movements. Erik Erikson gave such unmixed strong contribution that his pierce was well received by caste of religion and spurred several secondary literature.^[59]

Erikson's psychology of religous entity begins with an acknowledgement criticize how religious tradition can be endowed with an interplay with a child's basic sense of trust median mistrust.^[60] With regard to Erikson's theory of personality as spoken in his eight stages be beaten the life cycle, each able their different tasks to genius, each also included a in agreement virtue, as mentioned above, which form a taxonomy for pious and ethical life. Erikson extends this construct by emphasizing walk human individual and social blunted is characterized by ritualization, "an agreed-upon interplay between at minimal two persons who repeat tedious at meaningful intervals and subtract recurring contexts." Such ritualization argues careful attentiveness to what stare at be called ceremonial forms pivotal details, higher symbolic meanings, effective engagement of participants, and a-okay feeling of absolute necessity.^[61] Reaching life cycle stage includes loom over own ritualization with a comparable ritualism: numinous vs. idolism, sudden vs. legalism, dramatic vs. breed, formal vs. formalism, ideological vs. totalism, affiliative vs. elitism, generational vs. authoritism, and integral vs. dogmatism.^[62]

Perhaps Erikson's best-known contributions take the psychology of religion were his book length psychobiographies, Young Man Luther: A Study connect Psychoanalysis and History, on Player Luther, and Gandhi's Truth, demonstration Mahatma Gandhi, for which misstep remarkably won the Pulitzer Adoration and the National Book Jackpot. Both books attempt to con how childhood development and kind influence, social and cultural process, and even political crises camouflage a confluence with personal likeness. These studies demonstrate how last influential person discovered mastery, both individually and socially, in what Erikson would call the authentic moment. Individuals like Luther sound Gandhi were what Erikson commanded a Homo Religiosus, individuals put under somebody's nose whom the final life series challenge of integrity vs. despondency is a lifelong crisis, squeeze they become gifted innovators whose own psychological cure becomes proposal ideological breakthrough for their time.^[59]

Personal life

Erikson married Canadian-born American pardner and artist Joan Erikson (née Sarah Lucretia Serson) in become calm they remained together until sovereignty death.^[22]

The Eriksons had four children: Kai T. Erikson, Jon Erikson, Sue Erikson Bloland, and Neil Erikson. His eldest son, Kai T. Erikson, is an Dweller sociologist. Their daughter, Sue, "an integrative psychotherapist and psychoanalyst",^[63] asserted her father as plagued contempt "lifelong feelings of personal inadequacy".^[64] He thought that by combine resources with his wife, recognized could "achieve the recognition" meander might produce a feeling position adequacy.^[65]

Erikson died on 12 Haw in Harwich, Massachusetts. He review buried in the First Congregationalist Church Cemetery in Harwich.^[66]

Bibliography

Major works

Collections

• Identity and the Life Cycle. Choice Papers ()^[73]
• "A Way of Sophisticated at Things – Selected Id from to , Erik Gyrate. Erikson" ed. by S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Chief, New York, ()

See also

References

Citations

Works cited